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(4) the government will development regulations for ethics to ensure that the use and development of AI is
transparent, explainable, and non-discriminatory.

Another key aspect of President Macron’s plan is to lure French AI researchers, many of whom occupy top
positions in Silicon Valley, back to France.
France has also a national strategy for AI called “AI for Humanity,” which is outlined in the “Villani Report”
titled, “For a Meaningful Artificial Intelligence,” which was unveiled in March 2018 with seven primary
themes:

(1) developing an aggressive data policy (to improve access to big data);
(2) targeting four strategic sectors (healthcare, environment, transport, and defense), but President Macron
only talked about the potential of AI for healthcare and transportation;

(3) boosting the potential of French research (and investing in talent);
(4) planning for the impact of AI on labour,

(5) making AI more environmentally friendly;
(6) opening up the black boxes of AI;

(7) ensuring that AI supports inclusivity and diversity.
Another algorithm-related report, titled, “HOW CAN HUMANS KEEP THE UPPER HAND? The ethical
matters raised by algorithms and artificial intelligence,” highlighted two founding principles to “put AI at the
service of humans,” including “A principle of loyalty” and “A principle of continued attention and vigilance.”
The report also made six policy recommendations involving education about ethics, improving interpretability
and auditability of AI systems, and promoting human freedom.

6. Italy
Italy has a great tradition in AI. In March 2018, Italy published a white paper titled, “Artificial Intelligence: At
the service of citizens,” which focus on research and development or private sector uptake. It recommends
about how to develop better public services with the use of AI that could help eliminate inequalities and
measure impact, and describes ethical, legal, technological, and cultural challenges.
The white paper was created by an AI Task Force, launched in September 2017 by the Agency for Digital
Italy. The goals of the AI Task Force are to analyze the use of AI in public administration to enhance the
quality of services offered to citizens, define the potential of AI services and applications, and explore the
ethical and social implications of the use of AI.
Moreover, in July 2018, a consortium of universities and research centers in Italy united to create a new
national laboratory for AI, National Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems (CINI-AIIS
Lab), which aims to contribute to ongoing national scientific and technological initiatives such as the National
Clusters and Competence Centers of the Enterprise 4.0 program, as well as to industrial research and Public
Administration activities.

The Michael Dukakis Institute for Leadership and Innovation
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