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companies including Baidu and Tencent to undertake fundamental and applied research across different AI
topics, e.g., Baidu is working with the Chinese government to develop brain-inspired intelligent technology.

In its national strategy report, China also shows plan to establish of artificial intelligence laws and regulations,
ethical norms and policy systems, and form artificial intelligence safety assessment and control capabilities;
standards and the intellectual property system for AI technology; safety supervision and evaluation systems
for AI. "One group of Chinese leader is increasingly engaged with issues of AI safety and ethics. A wide
range of Chinese AI researchers are also involved with translating the IEEE’s Ethically Aligned Design report,
as part of the Global Initiative for Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence. However, some Chinese AI
leaders dismiss calls for regulation and philosophizing." (Deciphering China’s AI Dream)
The Chinese Government proposed in 2014 an extensive data collection system called the Social Credit
System, which will monitor every action Chinese citizen perform by collecting vast amounts of data online,
and then provide a score to measure how trustworthy each individual is, based on political, social, commercial
and legal credit. If all goes well in the current planning and test phase the system will be fully implemented by
2020 and will enlist every citizen living and every company operating in China. This proposal of China raises
various ethical and societal questions.

9. Russia
Though Russia has not had an official national strategy, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian
Federation, or MES; and the Russian Academy of Sciences released an ambitious 10-point plan in March,
2018, which recommends steps for prospective development of artificial intelligence in the country’s federal
and academic bodies. With assertion of President Vladimir Putin that “whoever becomes the leader in this
sphere [AI] will become the ruler of the world”, the Russian government is increasingly developing and
funding various AI-related projects, many under the auspices of the Ministry of Defense and its affiliated
institutions and research centers. At the moment, Russia’s annual domestic investment in AI is estimated
probably around 700 million rubles ($12.5 million) – a paltry sum next to the billions being spent by
American and Chinese companies.
Russia has advocated for military uses of AI and been dismissive of ongoing deliberations at the United
Nations to prohibit lethal autonomous weapon systems. Moreover, President Trump's National Security
Strategy of the U.S in December, 2017 mentioned the problem that “Russia uses information operations as
part of its offensive cyber efforts to influence public opinion across the globe. Its influence campaigns blend
covert intelligence operations and false online personas with state-funded media, third-party intermediaries,
and paid social media users or ‘trolls’.”

10. India

In June 2018, the Indian government released “National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence #AIforAll.” The
NITI Aayog paper identifies its national purpose: (1) enhance and empower Indians with the skills to find
quality jobs; (2) invest in research and sectors that can maximize economic growth and social impact; and (3)

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